prefect-to-zenml-migration

name: prefect-to-zenml-migration description: >- Migrate Prefect flows, tasks, and deployment patterns to idiomatic ZenML pipelines. Handles concept mapping (@flow→@pipeline, @task→@step, result persistence→artifacts), dynamic-execution analysis, code translation, scheduling, retries, Blocks/secrets decomposition, and flags unsupported patterns (allow_failure(), return_state=True, pause/suspend, global concurrency, task-runner semantics) for human review. Use this skill whenever the user mentions Prefect migration, converting Prefect flows, porting workflows from Prefect, replacing Prefect with ZenML, or asks how a Prefect concept maps to ZenML — even if they do not explicitly say "migrate". Also use when they paste Prefect code and ask to make it work with ZenML, or when they describe a workflow using Prefect terminology (@flow, @task, .submit(), .map(), State, Blocks, Deployments, work pools, Automations) in a ZenML context. If the user asks a quick conceptual question ("what is the ZenML equivalent of a Prefect Block?"), answer it directly from the concept map — no need to run the full migration workflow.

Migrate Prefect to ZenML

This skill translates Prefect flows into idiomatic ZenML pipelines. It handles the full migration workflow: analyzing Prefect code, classifying each pattern, translating what maps cleanly, flagging what needs redesign, and producing a working ZenML project plus a migration report.

How migration works at a high level

Prefect and ZenML look similar at first glance because both are Python-first and both decorate functions. But the execution story is different.

• Prefect runs the flow body like regular Python at runtime. That means the flow can branch on task outputs, inspect states, submit new tasks dynamically, and use pause/suspend semantics while the run is already in progress.
• ZenML static pipelines compile a DAG before steps run. Step outputs are versioned artifacts, not ordinary in-memory values available during pipeline construction.
• ZenML dynamic pipelines recover part of Prefect's runtime flexibility, but they are still an approximation rather than a full state-model match. They default to STOP_ON_FAILURE; FAIL_FAST is supported with caveats around already-running inline steps; CONTINUE_ON_FAILURE is not supported for dynamic pipelines. They also support only a subset of orchestrators.

So migration is never just "rename @flow to @pipeline". The real job is to decide which Prefect behaviors:

1. map cleanly,
2. map with semantic differences, or
3. require redesign.

The three mapping types

Every Prefect concept falls into one of these categories:

See references/concept-map.md for the full mapping tables.

The Migration Workflow

Phase 1: Receive and Analyze the Prefect Code

Ask the user for their Prefect flow files, deployment config, and any supporting modules. Read everything before writing code. For each workflow, identify:

1. Flows and tasks — Which functions use @flow and @task? Are there nested flows or direct task calls?
2. Execution model — Is the workflow shape known up front, or does it depend on runtime task outputs?
3. Dynamic control flow — Any if / for logic that branches on task results, or any .submit() / .map() fan-out?
4. State handling — Any return_state=True, manual State inspection, returning Failed(...), or allow_failure()?
5. Concurrency model — Which task runner is used (ThreadPoolTaskRunner, ProcessPoolTaskRunner, Dask, Ray)? Is correctness tied to that runner?
6. Caching and result persistence — Any cache_key_fn, cache expiration, persist_result, custom serializers, or storage blocks?
7. Human-in-the-loop — Any pause_flow_run() or suspend_flow_run() behavior?
8. Configuration — Any Prefect Blocks, Variables, secrets, or prefect.yaml deployment config?
9. Deployment and automation — Any Deployments, work pools, workers, schedules, Automations, or webhook/event triggers?
10. Transactions or rollback hooks — Any on_commit, on_rollback, or other transactional semantics?

Phase 2: Classify and Plan

For each component identified in Phase 1, classify it as direct / approximate / absent using the logic below and the full tables in references/concept-map.md.

Quick classification guide

Direct or near-direct translations (translate automatically):

• Simple @task → @step
• Simple static @flow → @pipeline
• Task return values used for data passing → artifact passing
• Simple task retries → StepRetryConfig
• Secret-only Blocks → ZenML secrets

Approximate translations (translate with caveats):

• @flow generally → @pipeline (execution model differs)
• Nested flows → pipeline composition
• .submit() / .map() → dynamic pipelines or orchestrator-driven parallelism
• Blocks → split into secrets + service connectors + stack settings + YAML config
• Deployments / work pools → schedules + orchestrator choice + runtime config; Prefect pauses, workers, work-pool semantics, and automations still need explicit redesign
• Simple cron-like schedules → OSS/orchestrator-backed Schedule(...) when the target orchestrator supports scheduling, with zenml pipeline schedule ... for supported lifecycle operations; ZenML Pro schedule triggers are separate snapshot trigger objects
• Result persistence / serializers → artifacts + materializers
• Flow/task hooks → ZenML hooks and alerters
• Pause / suspend → dynamic waits, explicit approval steps, split workflows, or deployments where HTTP serving is the real goal; do not present Prefect pause/suspend state semantics as 1:1 ZenML behavior

Absent / redesign-required patterns (flag for human review):

• allow_failure()
• return_state=True
• Manual State inspection or returning Failed(...)
• Global concurrency limits and rate_limit()
• Task-runner semantics relied on for correctness
• Transactions / rollback hooks
• Push work pools or tightly coupled Prefect Cloud control-plane logic
• Custom cache keys / TTL where the business semantics depend on them

Present the migration plan

Before generating code, present a concrete summary:

"Here's what I found in your Prefect workflow:

• Direct translations (will migrate cleanly): [list]
• Approximate translations (will work with caveats): [list]
• Needs redesign (cannot be trusted as an automatic migration): [list]

Shall I proceed with the migration?"

If there are HIGH-severity flags, explain them in plain language:

• what the Prefect code currently does,
• why ZenML cannot reproduce it directly, and
• what the recommended redesign looks like.

Phase 3: Generate ZenML Code

Translate the Prefect project into an idiomatic ZenML project. Follow these conventions strictly.

Project structure

Every migrated project MUST use this layout:

migrated_pipeline/
├── steps/                    # One file per step
│   ├── extract.py
│   ├── transform.py
│   └── load.py
├── pipelines/
│   └── my_pipeline.py        # Pipeline definition
├── materializers/            # Custom materializers (if needed)
├── configs/
│   ├── dev.yaml
│   └── prod.yaml
├── run.py                    # CLI entry point (argparse, not click)
├── README.md
└── pyproject.toml

Key rules:

• One step per file in steps/
• Separate pipeline definition from execution
• run.py uses argparse
• pyproject.toml with zenml>=0.94.1 and requires-python = ">=3.12"
• Always generate configs/dev.yaml and configs/prod.yaml
• Always generate a README.md explaining what was migrated and what still needs manual attention
• Run zenml init at project root

Core translation rules

See references/code-patterns.md for side-by-side examples.

1. Prefer static pipelines by default

A ZenML static pipeline is the safest default when the DAG shape is known before execution.

2. Use @pipeline(dynamic=True) only when the Prefect flow truly depends on runtime outputs

Dynamic pipelines are the closest ZenML equivalent for:

• branching on step outputs,
• runtime fan-out over same-run artifacts,
• runtime-shaped workflows.

But they are not a universal substitute for Prefect's state model. When dynamic pipelines are needed, call that out clearly in the migration report: default STOP_ON_FAILURE, FAIL_FAST supported with caveats, and CONTINUE_ON_FAILURE unsupported. For allow_failure(), return_state=True, or state-inspection flows, prefer explicit success/error artifacts over execution-mode tricks.

3. Treat failure/state features as a data-model redesign, not a scheduling trick

For allow_failure() and return_state=True, do not silently replace them with a global execution mode. Instead, redesign around explicit outputs such as:

{"ok": bool, "value": ..., "error": str | None}

That makes the new behavior visible and testable.

4. Decompose Blocks by concern

Never migrate a Prefect Block wholesale into "just an env var". Split it by purpose:

• secret data → ZenML secrets
• cloud/service credentials → service connectors
• infrastructure config → stack/orchestrator settings
• runtime config → YAML or pipeline parameters

5. Keep migration comments short and explicit

Use:

• # Migration note: for brief caveats
• # TODO(migration): for unsupported or manual-attention items

Handling approximate translations

When an approximation is safe enough to generate, add a short inline comment:

@step
def load_secret(secret_name: str) -> str:
    # Migration note: this was a Prefect Secret block. ZenML stores secrets
    # separately from runtime config, so the lookup path and lifecycle differ.
    ...

Handling absent patterns

For patterns with no trustworthy ZenML equivalent:

1. add a # TODO(migration): comment,
2. record it in MIGRATION_REPORT.md,
3. suggest a redesign.

# TODO(migration): UNSUPPORTED — original Prefect flow used allow_failure().
# ZenML does not provide dependency-level failure tolerance with the same
# semantics. Redesign this edge using an explicit result envelope artifact.

Phase 4: Produce the Migration Report

After generating the ZenML project, produce a MIGRATION_REPORT.md in the project root.

# Migration Report: [Prefect Flow] → [ZenML Pipeline]

## Summary
- **Source**: Prefect flow `[flow_name]`
- **Target**: ZenML pipeline `[pipeline_name]`
- **Components migrated**: X direct, Y approximate, Z flagged

## Direct Translations
| Prefect Pattern | ZenML Equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| `@task` `extract_data` | `steps/extract_data.py` | Clean task→step translation |

## Approximate Translations
| Prefect Pattern | ZenML Equivalent | What Changed |
|---|---|---|
| Deployment schedule | `Schedule(...)` or ZenML Pro schedule trigger | OSS scheduling support depends on orchestrator and uses `zenml pipeline schedule ...`; Pro schedule triggers attach to snapshots; Prefect automations/work-pool behavior needs redesign |
| Secret Block | ZenML secret | Config lives in a different system |

## Flagged for Review
| Prefect Pattern | Severity | Issue | Suggested Redesign |
|---|---|---|---|
| `allow_failure()` | HIGH | No direct ZenML equivalent | Return explicit success/error artifact |
| `pause_flow_run()` | HIGH | No drop-in pause/suspend state model | Use explicit approval/wait workflow |

## Execution Model Changes
- Was the original Prefect flow dynamic at runtime?
- Did the migration stay static, or require `@pipeline(dynamic=True)`?
- What behavior changed because ZenML compiles the DAG differently?

## State / Failure Handling Changes
- Which State-based patterns were removed or redesigned?
- Were failures turned into explicit data artifacts?

## Configuration and Deployment Mapping
- Which Blocks became secrets?
- Which became YAML config?
- Which deployment/work-pool settings now live in orchestrator or stack config?

## What's NOT Migrated
[List stateful control-plane behavior, transactions, Cloud-only features, or other unsupported patterns.]

## What You Get for Free After Migration
- Artifact versioning and lineage
- Step caching
- Stack portability
- Service connectors
- Model Control Plane (where relevant)

## Recommended Next Steps
1. Run `zenml-quick-wins`
2. Install the ZenML docs MCP server
3. Review each flagged redesign item
4. Use `zenml-pipeline-authoring` for Docker, YAML, custom materializers, or deployment details

Phase 5: Suggest Next Steps

After migration is complete, always communicate the next steps clearly.

1. Run the zenml-quick-wins skill

This should almost always be the next step:

"Now that the migration is done, I'd recommend running the zenml-quick-wins skill to add metadata logging, experiment tracking, alerts, and other production features."

2. Include documentation links for flagged patterns

For flagged items, link to the most relevant ZenML docs. Common links:

• Execution model: https://docs.zenml.io/how-to/steps-pipelines/execution
• Dynamic pipelines: https://docs.zenml.io/how-to/steps-pipelines/dynamic-pipelines
• Scheduling: https://docs.zenml.io/how-to/steps-pipelines/scheduling
• ZenML Pro triggers: https://docs.zenml.io/getting-started/zenml-pro/triggers
• Service connectors: https://docs.zenml.io/concepts/service_connectors
• Secrets: https://docs.zenml.io/how-to/secrets/secrets

3. Suggest installing the ZenML docs MCP server

"For easier access to ZenML documentation while you work, you can install the ZenML docs MCP server: claude mcp add zenmldocs --transport http https://docs.zenml.io/~gitbook/mcp"

4. Offer community support for hard migration gaps

When there are 2+ HIGH-severity flags, generate a ready-to-post Slack message for zenml.io/slack that includes:

• what is being migrated,
• the unsupported Prefect patterns,
• the redesigns already attempted,
• and a clear ask for suggestions.

Use this template:

**Prefect → ZenML Migration Help**

I'm migrating a Prefect workflow that uses [patterns]. The migration skill flagged these as needing redesign:

1. **[Pattern]**: [brief description + small code snippet]
   - Suggested workaround: [X]
   - Why this matters: [what behavior would change]

2. **[Pattern]**: [brief description + small code snippet]
   - Suggested workaround: [Y]

I'm looking for advice on whether there's a better ZenML pattern, a feature I'm missing, or an upcoming capability that would make this migration cleaner.

5. Offer GitHub issues for genuine feature gaps

If the migration exposes a real ZenML capability gap — not just "works differently", but a reusable missing feature — offer to open an issue on zenml-io/zenml.

6. Suggest running /simplify

Migration often leaves verbose comments and slightly mechanical structure behind. Always suggest /simplify once the migration is functionally complete.

7. Recommend zenml-pipeline-authoring for deeper follow-up work

Use zenml-pipeline-authoring for:

• Docker settings
• YAML config
• custom materializers
• pipeline deployment details

Important Behavioral Differences to Communicate

Dynamic Prefect execution ≠ static ZenML execution

In Prefect, flow code can make orchestration decisions while the run is already happening. In ZenML static pipelines, the DAG is compiled first. That is the single most important migration difference.

Prefect State objects ≠ ZenML run/step status

Prefect lets workflow code inspect and route on state objects. ZenML records run and step status, but the authoring model is not "pass around State objects and branch on them."

Prefect results ≠ ZenML artifacts

Prefect results can be optionally persisted and configured with storage/serializers. ZenML step outputs are first-class, versioned artifacts by default.

Blocks ≠ one ZenML object

Prefect Blocks combine multiple concerns. ZenML splits them across secrets, connectors, stack components, YAML config, and parameters.

Prefect Deployments ≠ ZenML pipeline deployments

Prefect Deployments are batch-run configuration. ZenML pipeline deployments are long-running HTTP services. For scheduled batch runs, the closer ZenML concepts are usually OSS/orchestrator schedules (Schedule(...) plus zenml pipeline schedule ... where supported), ZenML Pro schedule triggers attached to snapshots, orchestrators, and snapshots — not HTTP deployments. Prefect Automations, pauses, and work-pool behavior still need explicit redesign rather than a direct rename.

Anti-Patterns in Migration

References

Detailed reference files

• references/concept-map.md — Full concept mapping tables for Prefect primitives, states, concurrency, Blocks, deployments, and automation patterns
• references/code-patterns.md — Side-by-side translations for common Prefect patterns and redesign examples for unsafe ones
• references/gaps-and-flags.md — Must-flag patterns, behavioral differences, decision tree, and migration anti-patterns

ZenML documentation

For topics beyond migration, query the ZenML docs at https://docs.zenml.io.