By name: fungi-identification locale: wenyan-ultra source_locale: en source_commit: 82c77053 translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman" translation_date: "2026-04-24" description: > Field identification of fungi using morphological features, spore prints, habitat analysis, and seasonal context with a safety-first approach. Covers cap, gill, stem, and spore characteristics, look-alike differentiation, toxicity risk assessment, and the critical rule of absolute certainty before consumption. Use when encountering an unknown fungus, foraging for edible mushrooms and needing to confirm species before consumption, assessing whether fungi in a garden or property are harmful, or differentiating an edible species from a dangerous look-alike. license: MIT allowed-tools: Read metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: mycology complexity: advanced language: natural tags: mycology, fungi, mushroom, identification, foraging, safety, spore-print
辨菌
用形、孢印、棲、時辨菌。安全至先。
用
- 遇未知菌→辨
- 採食者→食前必確種
- 察庭園菌是否有害
- 練形觀察
- 分可食與致命類
入
- 必：菌標本或現場清觀
- 必：細形觀能（蓋、褶、柄、基）
- 可：本域野外指南
- 可：紙與玻璃杯（孢印）
- 可：刀（切剖）
- 可：手鏡 10x（細節）
行
一：主則
一切辨前，內化菌學絕對則。
CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.
There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.
The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.
ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.
得：主則內化，方進。
敗：此步無失敗模。則未內化→勿進食用辨識。
二：記棲
脈絡先窄範圍，再觸標本。
Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor | Record |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf |
| | litter, moss, other fungi |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi |
| | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light | Full shade, dappled, open |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season | Early spring, late spring, summer, early |
| | autumn, late autumn, winter |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring, |
| | shelf/bracket |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
得：棲地全記，為種級辨識提供脈絡。
敗：棲地不明（如都市雜種庭）→記所見。棲訊缺→辨識信心降，納入安全評估。
三：察形
標本系統察。
Morphological Checklist:
CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)
GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?
STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)
FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
for unknown species, DO NOT taste)
SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
(half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
black, rust-orange
得：形描全，涵諸大徵。
敗：某徵無法察（如環或已失）→記「未察」，非「無」。此分對辨識關鍵。
四：多證確認
諸數據交叉參考資料。
Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
- Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
- What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
- Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?
Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level | Criteria | Action |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain | All features match; no | Safe to collect (for |
| | look-alike confusion; | experienced identifiers) |
| | experienced with species | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match; | DO NOT eat. Collect for |
| | one or two uncertain; | further study (spore |
| | look-alike eliminated | print, expert review) |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match; | DO NOT eat. Photograph |
| | look-alike not fully | and seek expert opinion |
| | eliminated | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown | Cannot narrow to species | DO NOT eat. DO NOT |
| | | handle extensively |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
得：種級辨識，顯信心與類致命類評估。
敗：僅至屬級→學習可。食則僅「確定」方可。
驗
- 辨前主則已承認
- 察本前棲已記
- 諸形徵皆系統察
- 基已掘查菌托
- 時允則取孢印
- 類致命類已顯察並排除
- 信心等級誠實評
- 僅「確定」之辨可考食用
忌
- 倚單徵：僅色似雞油菌。真雞油菌有偽褶、生土近樹、特定杏香。偽雞油與南瓜燈色同而他徵皆異
- 略察基：不掘基則失菌托——致命毒蠅傘之最要徵
- 盲信應用：AI 菌識誤率高。僅起點，非確認
- 以常見=安全：豐度非可食之證。致命種或地方豐
- 嘗未知：嘗為診斷需專家級。非專家勿嘗
- 忽遲毒：Amanita phalloides 味悅而症狀遲。症狀現時（24-48 時）肝損已重
- 信群智：「此地皆食此」未必全非誤。文化可誤傳，致命種或生同地
- 信熟：「常煮可除毒」於 Amanita 無效。熱不破毒肽
參
mushroom-cultivationforage-plants