By name: purify-water locale: wenyan source_locale: en source_commit: 82c77053 translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman" translation_date: "2026-04-26" description: > 以煮、濾、化法淨野水。含源察與優序、沉預濾、法擇（煮、化、UV、濾）、 海拔調煮程、化處量、安存修。野中需飲水、可用源不知質、急生險於脫水、 或為烹或洗創使水安時用之。 license: MIT allowed-tools: Read metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: bushcraft complexity: intermediate language: natural tags: bushcraft, water, purification, survival, wilderness, filtration
淨水
以野可得之法淨野水使其安飲。
用時
- 野中需飲水而無治水
- 可用水源質不知（溪、河、湖、塘）
- 急生情險於脫水
- 需使水安為烹或洗創
入
- 必要：水源（流或靜）
- 必要：容器（金屬鍋、瓶、或臨機之器）
- 可選：淨用品（化丸、濾、UV 筆）
- 可選：煮用之火能（見
make-fire) - 可選：布或自然濾料為預濾
法
第一步：察並擇水源
非諸源同險。擇可得之最佳源。
Water Source Priority Ranking (best to worst):
┌──────┬─────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Rank │ Source │ Notes │
├──────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ Spring (at the source) │ Lowest contamination; still treat │
│ 2 │ Fast-flowing stream │ Moving water has fewer pathogens │
│ │ (above human activity) │ than still water │
│ 3 │ Large river │ Dilution helps but agriculture/ │
│ │ │ industry upstream is a concern │
│ 4 │ Large lake │ Collect from open water, not shore │
│ 5 │ Small pond or puddle │ High pathogen and parasite risk │
│ 6 │ Stagnant pool │ Last resort; heavy treatment needed│
└──────┴─────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘
Warning Signs (avoid if possible):
- Dead animals nearby
- Algae bloom (blue-green scum)
- Chemical odor or oily sheen
- Downstream of mining, agriculture, or settlements
- No surrounding vegetation (may indicate toxic soil)
收水自表下（避表膜）並離岸邊。
得：清或微濁水自可得最佳源，採於清容。
敗則：若唯劣源可得（靜、濁），進而謀激預濾（第二步）並用多淨法（帶與吊褲）。若無水源覓，尋徵：谷之綠、向下之獸跡、晨昏蟲群、聽流水。
第二步：預濾沉
淨前去顆粒。沉減化處效並塞濾。
Improvised Gravity Filter (layered in a container with a hole at the bottom):
┌─────────────────────┐ ← Open top: pour water in
│ Grass / cloth │ ← Coarse pre-filter
│ Fine sand │ ← Removes fine particles
│ Charcoal (crushed) │ ← Adsorbs some chemicals and odors
│ Gravel │ ← Structural support
│ Grass / cloth │ ← Prevents gravel from falling through
└────────┬────────────┘
│
Filtered water drips out
Materials:
- Container: birch bark cone, hollow log, cut plastic bottle, sock
- Sand: fine, clean sand (rinse first if possible)
- Charcoal: from a previous fire (NOTite ash — charcoal only)
- Gravel: small stones, rinsed
簡沉去者，過頭巾、衫、多層布。
得：可見較清水、濁減。炭層去某氣味。
敗則：若濾後水仍甚濁，置容沉 30-60 分。仔細傾較清之頂層。重沉或濾。注：預濾不使水安飲——備之為淨。
第三步：擇淨法
依可用具與情擇。
Purification Method Comparison:
┌───────────────┬────────────┬───────────┬────────────┬──────────────────────┐
│ Method │ Kills │ Time │ Requires │ Limitations │
│ │ bacteria/ │ │ │ │
│ │ viruses/ │ │ │ │
│ │ parasites │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ Boiling │ Yes/Yes/Yes│ 1-3 min │ Fire, metal│ Fuel, time, does not │
│ │ │ (rolling) │ container │ remove chemicals │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ Chlorine │ Yes/Yes/ │ 30 min │ Tablets or │ Less effective in │
│ dioxide tabs │ Yes │ │ drops │ cold/turbid water │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ Iodine │ Yes/Yes/ │ 30 min │ Tablets or │ Taste; not for │
│ │ Partial │ │ tincture │ pregnant/thyroid │
│ │ │ │ │ conditions; weak │
│ │ │ │ │ against Crypto │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ UV pen │ Yes/Yes/Yes│ 60-90 sec │ UV device, │ Requires clear water;│
│ │ │ per liter │ batteries │ battery dependent │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ Pump/squeeze │ Yes/No*/ │ Immediate │ Filter │ Most don't remove │
│ filter │ Yes │ │ device │ viruses (*unless │
│ │ │ │ │ 0.02 micron) │
├───────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ SODIS (solar) │ Yes/Yes/ │ 6-48 hrs │ Clear PET │ Slow; needs sun; │
│ │ Partial │ │ bottle, │ only 1-2 L at a time │
│ │ │ │ sunlight │ │
└───────────────┴────────────┴───────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────┘
Decision logic:
- Have fire + metal pot? → Boil (most reliable)
- Have chemical tablets? → Chemical treatment
- Have filter + tablet combo? → Filter then treat (belt-and-suspenders)
- Sunny day + clear PET bottles? → SODIS as a backup method
- Multiple methods available? → Use two for maximum safety
得：依可用具明決用何淨法。
敗則：若無標淨具，煮為默——唯需火與耐熱容。即單壁金屬水瓶亦可煮。極急時，容可自岩凹或近火之青竹節臨時備之。
第四步：煮水
野最穩之淨法。殺諸病原類。
Boiling Procedure:
1. Bring water to a ROLLING boil (large bubbles breaking the surface)
2. Maintain rolling boil for:
- Sea level to 2000 m / 6500 ft: 1 minute
- 2000-4000 m / 6500-13000 ft: 3 minutes
- Above 4000 m / 13000 ft: 5 minutes
3. Remove from heat
4. Allow to cool in the covered container
5. If taste is flat, pour between two containers several times to aerate
Altitude Adjustment:
Water boils at lower temperatures at altitude.
At 3000 m / 10000 ft, water boils at ~90°C / 194°F.
Longer boiling compensates for the lower temperature.
Fuel Estimate:
Boiling 1 L requires roughly 15-20 min of sustained fire
depending on container, wind, and starting temperature.
得：水達翻滾沸騰並維於宜久。冷後，水免於生物病原。
敗則：若不能維翻滾沸（風、弱火），延煮時。若容漏或裂，移至他器。若無金屬容，可於木、皮、皮容用熱石煮：石於火加熱 20+ 分，後以鉗或棍移入水容。避河石（或裂或自封濕爆）。
第五步：施化處
煮不便時或為次處用之。
Chemical Treatment Dosages:
┌─────────────────────┬──────────────────┬────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ Chemical │ Dose per liter │ Wait time │ Notes │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Chlorine dioxide │ Per manufacturer │ 30 min │ Most effective │
│ tablets │ (usually 1 tab │ (4 hrs for │ chemical method; │
│ (e.g., Aquamira, │ per 1 L) │ Crypto) │ kills all pathogens │
│ Katadyn Micropur) │ │ │ │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Iodine tablets │ 1-2 tablets per │ 30 min │ Weak against │
│ │ liter │ │ Cryptosporidium │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Tincture of iodine │ 5 drops per │ 30 min │ Double dose for │
│ (2%) │ liter (clear) │ (60 min if │ cloudy water │
│ │ 10 drops per │ cold/turbid│ │
│ │ liter (cloudy) │ ) │ │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Household bleach │ 2 drops per │ 30 min │ Must be unscented, │
│ (5-8% sodium │ liter (clear) │ │ plain bleach; │
│ hypochlorite) │ 4 drops per │ │ check expiry date │
│ │ liter (cloudy) │ │ │
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────┘
After treatment, water should have a slight chlorine/iodine smell.
If no smell is detected, add half the original dose and wait another 15 min.
Cold/turbid water adjustment:
- Temperature below 5°C / 40°F: double the wait time
- Turbid water: double the dose OR pre-filter first (recommended)
得：候期後處之水有微化氣味，示足消毒。水免於菌與病毒；二氧化氯亦對寄生蟲有效。
敗則：若丸過期（處後無味），用倍量或合他法。若味劣，水露 30 分散氣，或過臨炭濾以進味。若化處為汝唯一法且疑 Cryptosporidium（畜近常見），二氧化氯候足 4 時或合濾。
第六步：安存
淨水可由污容或手再污。
Safe Storage Practices:
1. Store in clean, dedicated containers (do not reuse unpurified containers)
2. If reusing a container, rinse it with a small amount of purified water first
3. Keep containers sealed or covered
4. Mark or separate "raw" and "purified" containers
(e.g., tie a knot in the purified bottle's paracord handle)
5. Avoid reaching into containers with hands — pour, don't dip
6. In warm weather, consume within 24 hours
7. Re-treat water that has been stored more than 24 hours
Hydration Planning:
- Minimum: 2 L / 0.5 gal per day (sedentary, cool weather)
- Active: 4-6 L / 1-1.5 gal per day (hiking, hot weather)
- Plan purification capacity to meet daily needs
得：淨水留安於清封容。系在以避生與處之水間之交叉污。
敗則：若容有限，指一為「生」（唯收）、他為「清」（唯淨）。劃或殊標之。若疑再污，飲前重處水。
驗
- 水源已察並擇可得最佳
- 淨前濁水已預濾沉
- 淨法宜可用具與情
- 煮達並維翻滾沸於海拔調之久
- 化處用正量與候時
- 淨水存於清封標容
- 足淨水以滿日水需
陷
- 略預濾：沉減化效並塞濾。常預濾濁水
- 不全煮：底之數泡非翻滾沸。待激破表之泡
- 忽海拔：水於高處於低溫沸。煮時依增之
- 化量不足：冷或濁水需多化或長觸時
- 交叉污：生與淨水用同容、或污手觸飲口
- 最劣源唯一法：靜或畜近水者，用二法（如濾 + 化、或煮 + 化）
參
make-fire— 煮法所需；火亦於候化處時供暖forage-plants— 某植示近水源（柳、香蒲、楊）；採食或需清水備