gke-manifest-generation

name: gke-manifest-generation description: Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for generating and updating secure, compliant, and cost-effective GKE manifests.

GKE Manifest Generation Skill

This skill provides guidelines, tooling integration, and templates to translate natural language descriptions or application code changes into secure, compliant, and cost-effective Kubernetes YAML manifests optimized for both GKE Autopilot and GKE Standard clusters.

Core Rules & Verification

When generating or updating YAML manifests, you must strictly adhere to the following rules:

1. Namespace & Resource Isolation

• Explicit Namespace: Always declare namespace: <NAMESPACE> explicitly in the metadata of every resource (Deployments, Services, ConfigMaps, Secrets, PVCs, Roles, bindings). Map it to the namespace configured in your active SETTINGS.md. Never omit the namespace.
• Dedicated ServiceAccount: Avoid using the namespace's default ServiceAccount. Always create and reference a dedicated ServiceAccount (e.g., devteam-agent-sa) for each microservice.

2. GKE Resource Tuning (Autopilot & Standard)

• Resources Requests & Limits: Always specify CPU and Memory requests and limits for all containers.
  • GKE Autopilot: Requests determine pod billing directly; requests and limits must be equal. If they differ, Autopilot will automatically scale requests up to match limits, which can significantly increase costs.
  • GKE Standard: Requests ensure stable scheduling and bin-packing; limits prevent resource starvation/noisy-neighbor issues.
• Density Defaults: For stateless apps or sidecars on GKE Standard, default to conservative requests (e.g., requests.cpu: "100m" or "200m", requests.memory: "256Mi" or "512Mi") with burstable limits. Use a reasonable overcommit ratio for limits (e.g., 2x to 4x requests, like limits.cpu: "400m" to "800m", and limits.memory: "512Mi" to "1Gi"). Avoid excessive overcommit limits (like limits.cpu: "4" for a 100m request) to prevent severe CPU throttling and latency degradation under heavy scheduling load, particularly in environments without guaranteed node shares.
• Spot VMs for Staging/Dev: For non-production workloads (e.g., namespaces containing -test, -dev, or -staging), or if the user requests cost optimization, automatically target GKE Spot VMs. This requires injecting both the nodeSelector targeting Spot VMs AND the corresponding toleration to tolerate the Spot VM taint:

  nodeSelector:
    cloud.google.com/gke-spot: "true"
  tolerations:
    - key: "cloud.google.com/gke-spot"
      operator: "Equal"
      value: "true"
      effect: "NoSchedule"
  

  (On GKE Standard, this assumes a Spot node pool is configured).

3. Container Security Hardening (Pod Security Standards)

• Non-Root Execution: Always configure securityContext at the Pod level (and container level if overriding) to run as a non-root user (e.g., runAsNonRoot: true, runAsUser: 10000, runAsGroup: 10000, fsGroup: 10000). This is strictly enforced on GKE Autopilot and is a critical security baseline for GKE Standard.
• Minimal Privileges: Always set allowPrivilegeEscalation: false and seccompProfile: {type: RuntimeDefault}.
• Read-Only Root Filesystem: Set readOnlyRootFilesystem: true to prevent modifications to the container image filesystem.
  • Writable Directory Fallback: If readOnlyRootFilesystem is enabled, mount a local emptyDir volume to /tmp or /var/run/ to allow applications (like Java/Nginx) to write temp files without crashing.
• Secret Volume Mounting: Prefer mounting Secrets as read-only files (configured in the volumes spec with defaultMode: 0400) instead of mapping them as environment variables, unless the application framework exclusively supports env-var based configuration. This prevents secrets leaking into application logs.

4. Health Checking (Mandatory Probes)

• Liveness & Readiness Probes: Every Deployment container must define both livenessProbe and readinessProbe.
  • Web/API: Use httpGet probes.
  • TCP Services: Use tcpSocket probes.
  • Databases/Caches: Use command-based exec probes (e.g., exec.command: ["redis-cli", "ping"]).
• Startup Probes for Slow-Starting Apps: For applications with slow boot times (e.g., Java spring boot, complex Python scripts, LLM model servers), you must also define a startupProbe. When a startupProbe is defined, the liveness and readiness probes are disabled until it succeeds, preventing Kubernetes from prematurely killing the pod during startup:

  startupProbe:
    httpGet:
      path: /healthz
      port: 8080
    failureThreshold: 30
    periodSeconds: 10
  

• Sensible Defaults: Set initialDelaySeconds: 5 to 15 depending on startup time (e.g., Java requires a longer delay than Go/Nginx).

5. Services & Ingress Routing

• Internal ClusterIP: Default all internal microservices to type: ClusterIP. Never use type: LoadBalancer or NodePort unless the workload is explicitly intended to be publicly accessible from the internet.
• Port Naming: Always assign clear, standard names to service and container ports (e.g., name: http-web or name: grpc-api) to enable automatic protocol discovery, tracing, and Web App routing.
• Prefer Gateway API: When exposing APIs externally, prioritize using GKE Gateway API (Gateway and HTTPRoute resources) over legacy Ingress objects to enable advanced L7 routing and security features (e.g., Cloud Armor).

6. Volume Mounts, StorageClasses & subPath Safety

• Avoid Directory Overwrites: When mounting a ConfigMap or Secret to an application directory containing other files (like Nginx public directories), always use subPath to overlay only the specific file. Caveat: Note that containers using subPath volume mounts do not receive automatic configuration updates if the underlying ConfigMap or Secret is modified; pods must be restarted manually to pick up changes.
• StorageClass Selection: Use the correct GKE storage class in PersistentVolumeClaims:
  • CSI Driver Clusters (Autopilot & Modern Standard): Use standard-rwo (default balanced PD) or premium-rwo (SSD PD).
  • Legacy Standard Clusters: Use standard (default PD) or premium (SSD PD) if standard-rwo/premium-rwo are not configured.
  • Database rule: Use SSD storage classes (premium-rwo or premium) only when the prompt explicitly requests high IOPS, low latency, or database storage.

7. High Availability on GKE

• Topology Spread: For deployments with >1 replica, use podAntiAffinity or topologySpreadConstraints with topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname" to distribute pods across GKE nodes and availability zones.
• PodDisruptionBudget: For deployments with >1 replica, declare a PodDisruptionBudget to guarantee minimum replica availability during voluntary GKE node upgrades and maintenance cycles.

8. Updates & Server-Side Apply Reconciliations

• Stable List Keys: Under Kubernetes Server-Side Apply (SSA), elements in associative lists (like volumes, volume mounts, ports, and container definitions) are matched and merged by their unique identifier keys (typically name). You must keep the name key stable when modifying properties of an existing list item. Renaming the name key will cause SSA to create a brand new entry and leave the old entry intact (orphaned) rather than modifying it.
• Minimal Diff: Make only the changes requested. Adhere closely to existing labels, annotations, and conventions.

Specialty Workloads: GKE AI/Inference Serving (vLLM, TGI, etc.)

For model serving workloads, prioritize using optimized tooling like GKE Inference Quickstart if available. If generating manually:

1. GPU Request & Allocation:
   • Always request nvidia.com/gpu in both requests and limits.
   • Add a nodeSelector or node affinity targeting the desired GKE accelerator tag (e.g., cloud.google.com/gke-accelerator: nvidia-l4).
2. Shared Memory Boost:
   • Model servers require high shared memory (/dev/shm) for inter-process communications. Always declare and mount an emptyDir volume with medium: Memory to /dev/shm.
3. Weight Loading Optimization:
   • Mount model weight directories (like GCS buckets) using the GKE GCS Fuse CSI driver (csi.storage.gke.io) as readOnly: true for efficient cold-starts.

Tooling & Grounding Guidelines

When generating manifests, you should leverage the following tooling to reduce hallucinations and optimize configurations:

1. Inference Workloads (GKE Inference Quickstart CLI):

   • For all AI/LLM inference workloads (e.g. model serving), you must prioritize using the gcloud CLI GKE Inference Quickstart command to generate the optimized manifests instead of writing them manually:

     gcloud container ai profiles manifests create \
       --model=<MODEL_NAME> \
       --model-server=<SERVER_NAME> \
       --accelerator-type=<ACCELERATOR_TYPE> \
       --output=manifest \
       --output-path=<OUTPUT_FILE_PATH>
     

   • Constraint: You must include all resources returned by this command (Deployments, Services, PodMonitoring, etc.) without filtering.

2. Grounding in Official Documentation (Developer Knowledge API):

   • For GKE-specific features, API defaults, manifest examples, or security contexts, you must query Google's developer knowledge base to retrieve official GKE documentation:
     • answer_query: Use this to ask direct questions (e.g., "How to configure GCS Fuse CSI driver in GKE"). This is the preferred tool for general queries.
     • search_documents: Use this to search for relevant GKE guides or examples when you don't have a specific question.
     • get_document: Use this to fetch full document contents when you have a specific document ID.

Few-Shot Examples

Example 1: Basic Hardened Nginx Deployment and Service

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: nginx-ns
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: nginx-sa
  namespace: nginx-ns
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  namespace: nginx-ns
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: nginx-sa
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 10000
        runAsGroup: 10000
        fsGroup: 10000
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - weight: 100
              podAffinityTerm:
                labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: app.kubernetes.io/name
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - nginx
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged:1.25
          ports:
            - name: http-web
              containerPort: 8080
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            capabilities:
              drop:
                - ALL
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: "100m"
              memory: "128Mi"
            limits:
              cpu: "250m"
              memory: "256Mi"
          volumeMounts:
            - name: nginx-cache
              mountPath: /var/cache/nginx
            - name: nginx-run
              mountPath: /var/run
            - name: nginx-tmp
              mountPath: /tmp
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 15
            periodSeconds: 20
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
            periodSeconds: 10
          startupProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: 8080
            failureThreshold: 30
            periodSeconds: 10
      volumes:
        - name: nginx-cache
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: nginx-run
          emptyDir: {}
        - name: nginx-tmp
          emptyDir: {}
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
  namespace: nginx-ns
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
spec:
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
  ports:
    - name: http-web
      protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: http-web
  type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: policy/v1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: nginx-pdb
  namespace: nginx-ns
spec:
  minAvailable: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx

Example 2: Network Policy - Restrict Ingress to Specific App Only

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-deny-all
  namespace: nginx-ns
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-ingress-from-my-app
  namespace: nginx-ns
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app.kubernetes.io/name: my-app
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080

Example 3: Deploying Gemma 2 27B on GKE with Workload Identity and GCS FUSE

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: gemma-ns
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: gemma-sa
  namespace: gemma-ns
  annotations:
    iam.gke.io/gcp-service-account: <GCP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL>
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: gemma-27b-deployment
  namespace: gemma-ns
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: gemma-27b
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: gemma-27b
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: gemma-27b
      annotations:
        gke-gcsfuse/volumes: "true"
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: gemma-sa
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 10000
        runAsGroup: 10000
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault
      containers:
        - name: gemma-server
          image: vllm/vllm-openai:gemma2 # Example optimized image
          args: ["--model", "/models", "--tensor-parallel-size", "4"]
          ports:
            - name: http-api
              containerPort: 8000
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            capabilities:
              drop:
                - ALL
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: "32"
              memory: "128Gi"
              nvidia.com/gpu: 4
            limits:
              cpu: "32"
              memory: "128Gi"
              nvidia.com/gpu: 4
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /healthz
              port: http-api
            periodSeconds: 30
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /healthz
              port: http-api
            periodSeconds: 10
          startupProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /healthz
              port: http-api
            failureThreshold: 60
            periodSeconds: 10
          volumeMounts:
            - name: model-weights
              mountPath: /models
              readOnly: true
            - name: dshm
              mountPath: /dev/shm
      nodeSelector:
        cloud.google.com/gke-accelerator: "nvidia-l4"
      volumes:
        - name: model-weights
          csi:
            driver: gcsfuse.csi.storage.gke.io
            readOnly: true
            volumeAttributes:
              bucketName: <GCS_BUCKET_NAME>
              mountOptions: "implicit-dirs"
        - name: dshm
          emptyDir:
            medium: Memory

Example 4: Exposing Workloads via GKE Gateway API (L7 Internal HTTP Load Balancer)

apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: internal-http-gateway
  namespace: nginx-ns
spec:
  gatewayClassName: gke-l7-rilb
  listeners:
    - name: http
      protocol: HTTP
      port: 80
      allowedRoutes:
        namespaces:
          from: Same
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: nginx-http-route
  namespace: nginx-ns
spec:
  parentRefs:
    - name: internal-http-gateway
  rules:
    - matches:
        - path:
            type: PathPrefix
            value: /
      backendRefs:
        - name: nginx-service
          port: 80