jni-type-conversion

name: jni-type-conversion description: How to use @JniType annotations for ergonomic JNI. Relevant for Java files that use @NativeMethods or @CalledByNative.

JNI Type Conversion

This skill guides the process of replacing explicit JNI conversion logic (like ConvertJavaStringToUTF8) with @JniType annotations in Java and corresponding native types in C++.

Workflow

1. Read third_party/jni_zero/README.chromium.md for a primer on JNI Zero.
2. Identify Candidates: Look for JNI methods (annotated with @NativeMethods or @CalledByNative) that take or return types that are currently being explicitly converted in C++.
3. Discovery (CRITICAL): To see if a type already has a @JniType conversion defined, search the codebase for FromJniType or ToJniType definitions for that C++ type:

   rg -g "*.h" "\binline .*(From|To)JniType"
   

   If a conversion exists, note the header file where it is defined; you will need to include it from any C++ files that require the conversion.
4. Check C++ Implementation: Verify that the C++ side performs explicit conversions using functions like:
   • ConvertJavaStringToUTF8 -> std::string
   • ConvertJavaStringToUTF16 -> std::u16string
   • JavaIntArrayToIntVector -> std::vector<int32_t>
   • ToJavaArrayOfStrings -> std::vector<std::string>
   • base::android::ConvertJavaStringToUTF8 -> std::string
5. Verify Constraints: Do NOT convert if:
   • The conversion is conditional (e.g., inside an if block that might skip it).
   • The conversion happens inside a lambda (e.g., TRACE_EVENT macros). Moving these to @JniType makes the conversion eager, which can impact performance.
6. Annotate Java:
   • Add @JniType("cpp_type") to the parameter or return type.
   • For String parameters, @JniType("std::string") automatically converts Java null to C++ "". Prefer this over std::optional<std::string> unless the C++ logic specifically distinguishes between null and empty.
   • For all other types, use std::optional<T> if the Java parameter is @Nullable. Always maintain @Nullable annotations.
   • Binary Data: Use @JniType("std::vector<uint8_t>") for byte[].
   • Null Safety: Keep @Nullable in Java if the parameter can be null. For @Nullable String, using std::optional<std::string> in C++ will map null to std::nullopt.
   • Ensure org.jni_zero.JniType is imported.
7. Update C++:
   • Change the C++ parameter type to the native type (e.g., const std::string&, std::vector<int32_t>&, base::OnceClosure).
   • Remove the explicit conversion calls and intermediate variables.
   • Remove Unused JNIEnv: If the JNIEnv* env parameter used to be used, but is no longer used after @JniType additions, it should be removed from the C++ function signature.
   • Remove Unused Callers: For non-static @NativeMethods, the caller parameter is usually unnecessary. Remove it from Java and C++ to reduce boilerplate.
   • Remove Unused using statements: Aliases of conversion functions might no longer have any uses. e.g.: "using base::android::ConvertJavaStringToUTF8"
   • Include Order: Specialization headers MUST be included before the generated _jni.h file.
   • Include the header file that defines the FromJniType / ToJniType conversion functions.
     • E.g.: Include base/android/jni_string.h for all string conversions.
     • E.g.: Include third_party/jni_zero/default_conversions.h for containers (std::vector, std::optional, base::span).
     • E.g.: Include base/android/callback_android.h for callback conversions.
8. Validate (CRITICAL): Changes are INCOMPLETE until you have verified they build. Build all .cc and .java files to ensure JNI generation and compilation succeed.
   • Build using a command like: autoninja -C OUTPUT_DIR ../../path/to/foo.cc^ ../../path/to/Foo.java^ ...
     • Paths must be relative to OUTPUT_DIR (e.g. start with ../../)
     • The "^" suffix means "build all targets that have this input.
   • Do not guess the OUTPUT_DIR you must have been told it.
   • If you cannot build, you MUST state this clearly and summarize the changes made.

Common Recipes

base::Uuid Handling

Java: @JniType("std::string") String uuid C++: base::Uuid::ParseLowercase(uuid_string) (incoming) or uuid.AsLowercaseString() (outgoing).

Collection Return Types

@JniType("std::vector<...>") works for return types. C++ can return a std::vector and it will be automatically converted to a Java array or List.

Examples

Callback Parameter

Java:

void doSomething(@JniType("base::OnceClosure") Runnable callback);

C++:

#include "base/android/callback_android.h"
void JNI_MyClass_DoSomething(base::OnceClosure callback) {
    std::move(callback).Run();
}